G1 and G2 variants of apolipoprotein L1 among Central African population in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense endemic rural area

Authors

  • Dominique M Mupepe Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5071-9759
  • Marie-Noelle NL Wameso Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Hippolyte N Situakibanza Service of Infectious and Parasitic Pathologies, Department of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Pépé M Ekulu Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Jean Robert R Makulo Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Jean Marie N Kayembe Service of Pneumology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Agathe B Nkoy Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Raggue ZM Mvibudulu Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Lambertus P Van den Heuvel Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium
  • Elena N Levtchenko Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium
  • Kevin L Karume National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Victoire A Bikoumou Department of Radiology and medical imaging, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Nathan B Buila Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Benjamin M Longo Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Dieudonné N Mumba Service of Infectious and Parasitic Pathologies, Department of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5886-2004
  • Jean René M’Buyamba-Kabangu Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.19495

Keywords:

APOL1 variants, trypanosomiasis, endemic, DR Congo

Abstract

Introduction: Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) risk variants (G1, G2) are known to enhance the protective ability against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), in addition to their role in kidney and cardiovascular disease. The effects of these variants on trypanosome infection could differ regionally owing to local adaptations of the host and pathogen. This study explored APOL1 risk variants distribution in HAT-infected and non-infected populations from a rural Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense) endemic area in Central Africa.

Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 124 participants in Masimanimba, a HAT-endemic region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Student’s and Pearson`s Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact tests were used as appropriate. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, based on two-tailed test.

Results: 71 participants (57%) were infected by Trypanosoma, 65 (52%) of whom were symptomatic and 6 (5%) asymptomatic. The overall frequency of risk alleles was 16.5% for G1 and 8.8% for G2. Neither variant was associated with the susceptibility to T. b. gambiense infection (for G1: 19.7% vs. 26.4 %; OR: 0.68 [95% CI: 0.29–1.62], p = 0.394; for G2: 11.3% vs. 13.2% 0.83 [0.27–2.58], p = 0.786). All of the G2 variants were found in symptomatic patients

Conclusions: APOL1 variants are common in populations living in T. b. gambiense endemic areas of the DRC. Neither variant was associated with susceptibility to T. b. gambiense. The G2 variant was the only one associated with symptomatic HAT.

Author Biographies

Dominique M Mupepe, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa

MD

Marie-Noelle NL Wameso, Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

Service  of  Nephrology,  Department  of  Internal  Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa

MD

Hippolyte N Situakibanza, Service of Infectious and Parasitic Pathologies, Department of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

Service of Infectious and Parasitic Pathologies, Department of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa

MD, PhD. 

Pépé M Ekulu, Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

  Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kinshasa,

MD, PhD. 

Jean Robert R Makulo, Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

 Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, 

MD, PhD. 

Jean Marie N Kayembe, Service of Pneumology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

Service of Pneumology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa,

MD, PhD. 

Agathe B Nkoy, Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

 Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kinshasa,

MD

 

Raggue ZM Mvibudulu, Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

 . Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa,

MD

Lambertus P Van den Heuvel, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium

 Department of Development and Regeneration,

PhD

Elena N Levtchenko, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium

 Department of Development and Regeneration,

 MD, PhD.

Kevin L Karume, National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

 BSc.

Nathan B Buila, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, ;

 MD, MSc,PhD

Benjamin M Longo, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, 

MD, PhD.

Dieudonné N Mumba, Service of Infectious and Parasitic Pathologies, Department of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

  Service of Infectious and Parasitic Pathologies, Department of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa,

MD, PhD

Jean René M’Buyamba-Kabangu, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa

MD PhD

 

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Published

2024-10-31

How to Cite

1.
Mupepe DM, Wameso M-NN, Situakibanza HN, Ekulu PM, Makulo JRR, Kayembe JMN, Nkoy AB, Mvibudulu RZ, Van den Heuvel LP, Levtchenko EN, Karume KL, Bikoumou VA, Buila NB, Longo BM, Mumba DN, M’Buyamba-Kabangu JR (2024) G1 and G2 variants of apolipoprotein L1 among Central African population in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense endemic rural area. J Infect Dev Ctries 18:1610–1616. doi: 10.3855/jidc.19495

Issue

Vol. 18 No. 10: October 2024

Section

Original Articles

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Copyright (c) 2024 Dominique Mayuku Mupepe, Marie-Noëlle Nkembo Lukau Wameso, Hippolyte Nani-Tuma Situakibanza, Pépé Mfutu Ekulu, Jean Robert Rissassy Makulo, Jean Marie Ntumba Kayembe, Agathe Bikupe  Nkoy, Raggue Za Mbaka Mvibudulu, Victoire A. Bikoumou, Lambertus Petrus Van den Heuvel, Elena N. Levtchenko, Kevin Lubula Karume, Victoire Audray Bikoumou, Nathan Bimbi Buila, Benjamin Mbenza Longo, Dieudonné Ngoyi Mumba, Jean René M’Buyamba - Kabangu

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