Primary neurological manifestations of HIV in children

Authors

  • Jane Jackie David Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
  • Syed Ahmed Zaki All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-4585
  • Preeti Shanbag Sir JJ Group of Hospitals and Grant Medical College, Mumbai India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6162-5950

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.17645

Keywords:

HIV, neurological, children, peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, spinal cord

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causes various diseases in different age groups. Neurological manifestations of HIV are common and add to morbidity and mortality. It was previously thought that the central nervous system (CNS) was involved only in the advanced stages of the disease. However, recent evidence supports pathological involvement of the CNS from initial viral entry. Some of the CNS manifestations in children share similarities to neurologic disorders of HIV-infected adult patients, while others are unique to the pediatric population. Many HIV-related neurologic complications seen in adults are rarely encountered in children with AIDS and vice versa. However, with recent advances in the treatment, more HIV-infected children are surviving into adulthood. A systematic review of the available literature was performed to study the manifestations, causes, outcomes, and treatment of primary neurologic disorders in children with HIV. Online databases (Ovid Medline, Embase and PubMed), websites from the World Health Organization, commercial search engines, including Google, and chapters on HIV in standard textbooks of pediatrics and medicine were reviewed.

HIV-associated neurological syndromes can be classified into four types: primary HIV neurological diseases, treatment-related neurological diseases, adverse neurological effects of antiretroviral therapy and secondary/opportunistic neurological illness. These conditions are not mutually exclusive and may co-exist in a given patient. This narrative review will focus mainly on the primary neurological manifestations of HIV in children.

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Published

2023-06-30

How to Cite

1.
David JJ, Zaki SA, Shanbag P (2023) Primary neurological manifestations of HIV in children. J Infect Dev Ctries 17:752–761. doi: 10.3855/jidc.17645

Issue

Section

Reviews